This course builds upon the foundational knowledge from Introduction to Cardiovascular Imaging. It includes 2-D imaging and Doppler evaluation of the normal and abnormal peripheral and extracerebral vascular system. Non-invasive physiological testing of the extremities will also be introduced.

Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to identify the vascular anatomy of the upper and lower extremities and the extracerebral vessels. You will be able to demonstrate knowledge of sonographic appearances, sonographic techniques, measurements, and Doppler flow characteristics in both normal and abnormal upper and lower extremities vessels as well as the carotid arteries. You will gain understanding of physiologic testing for lower extremity arterial disease.

You will be able to: 

·         Describe the factors that affect arterial and venous blood flow in the circulatory system.

·         Describe the etiology, risk factors, signs, symptoms, and diagnostic modalities utilized for vascular diseases encountered in the vascular lab.

·         Explain the normal and abnormal color Doppler and spectral Doppler waveforms of the vascular system.

·         Identify the vascular anatomy of the upper and lower extremities and the extracerebral vessels.

·         Describe the ultrasound techniques used to image the vessels of upper and lower extremities and the carotid arteries.

·         Describe normal and abnormal finding in 2-D, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler observed during:

o   Carotid duplex examination

o   Lower extremity arteries

o   Lower extremity veins

o   Upper extremity arteries

o   Upper extremity veins

·         Explain non-invasive physiologic testing for lower extremity arterial disease.

·         Describe the protocol used when a performing ankle-brachial index.

·         Identify normal and abnormal ankle-brachial index results.

·        DeWitt, Susan King, Echocardiography ... From a Sonographer’s Perspective the Notebook & the Workbook 8 http://www.echonotebook.com/home.html

·        Hagen-Ansert, S.: Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 9^th Edition. Publisher: Elsevier, 2023,

ISBN-978-0-323-82646-4 (available electronically in the library)

·        Lang, Roberto M: ASE’s Comprehensive Echocardiography, 3^rd Ed. (2022) Publisher: Elsevier, ISBN 9780323698306 (available electronically in the library.) 

Course Description

This course builds upon the foundational knowledge acquired during CVS-100 Introduction to Cardiovascular Imaging. You will delve into more complex aspects of echocardiography including M-Mode, Color Doppler and spectral Dopplers and their normal and abnormal findings. You will learn the cardiovascular pathophysiology, and hemodynamics, and sonographic techniques to assess valvular heart diseases

Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to:

·         Identify anatomy, anatomic variants and the sonographic appearance of the coronary arteries and their distribution.

• Describe the use of M-mode color Doppler and spectral Doppler in echocardiography.
• Explain normal cardiovascular physiology and hemodynamics of ventricular systolic and diastolic function, including normal filling pressure and cardiac output.
• Explain and demonstrate two-dimensional, M-Modes and Doppler measurements and calculations in the normal adult cardiac sonographic examination.
• Discuss the types of valvular heart diseases affecting the mitral, aortic, pulmonic, and tricuspid valves, including the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each.
• Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns for:
• Mitral stenosis and regurgitation
• Aortic stenosis and regurgitation
• Tricuspid stenosis and regurgitation
• Pulmonic stenosis and regurgitation

·         Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns for diseases of the aorta and great vessels

• Discuss ventricular and diastolic dysfunction and ischemic heart disease, including the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each.

·         Explain the sonographic techniques, measurement quantitative principles and Doppler patterns for ventricular and diastolic dysfunction and ischemic heart disease.

Required Texts

DeWitt, Susan King, Echocardiography ... From a Sonographer’s Perspective the Notebook & the Workbook 8 http://www.echonotebook.com/home.html to be purchased directly from publisher

Hagen-Ansert, S.: Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 9^th Edition. Publisher: Elsevier, 2023,

This is a 2 Volume set ISBN-978-0-323-82646-4 (available electronically in the library)

Course Description

This lab builds upon Introduction to Cardiovascular Scanning Lab. You will continue to use hands-on training to learn echocardiographic scanning techniques. Scanning techniques include transducer and patient positioning, image orientation and instrumentation optimization to image the heart from multiple views. Emphasis will also be placed on the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries (MSI).

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to identify and image the anatomy of the heart as seen on an echocardiogram. You will be able to perform the required views and measure 2 –D anatomy according to the Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults, Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography, and the protocol of the clinical affiliates. You will get exposure to imaging with either left or right hands enabling you to fit in any lab setting.

You will be able to:

1. Demonstrate transducer placement and obtain 2-d images for adult cardiac sonography according to practice parameters established by national professional organizations while utilizing proper ergonomics.

·         Parasternal long axis

·         Parasternal short axis

·         Apical four chamber

·         Apical five chamber

·         Apical two chamber

·         Apical three chamber

·         Subcostal

·         Suprasternal

2. Identify all anatomy seen in the above views in both systole and diastole including:

·         Right and left atriums

·         Coronary sinus

·         Right and left ventricles

·         Valves: mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonic

·         Left ventricle wall segments

·         Aortic segments

·         Pericardium

·         Aortic segments

·         IVC

3. Perform M- mode at the level of the aorta, mitral valve and left ventricle and identify all anatomy seen.
4. Perform all required 2- D measurements.

·         Right and left atrium

·         Right and left ventricles

·         Aortic segments

·         IVC

 Required Texts

DeWitt, Susan King, Echocardiography ... From a Sonographer’s Perspective the Notebook & the Workbook 8 http://www.echonotebook.com/home.html to be purchased directly from publisher

Course Description:

The course continues from CVS 101- Adult Cardiac Sonography I with cardiovascular pathophysiology, hemodynamics, sonographic technique, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns in heart diseases.  In addition, it includes cardiac embryology and fetal circulation.

 

Course Outcomes:

Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to:

·       Explain cardiac embryology and fetal circulations

·       Discuss the types of pericardial diseases, the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each

·       Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns for pericardial pathologies.

• Discuss the below pathologies including, the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each. Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns for:
• Pericardial diseases
• Myocarditis
• Cardiomyopathies
• Endocarditis, cardiac masses, thrombi & extracardiac masses

·       Discuss prosthetic heart valves and valvular repair including, the types, flow patterns, common brand names and rational behind selection.

·       Describe the complications of each type of valve replacement/repair.

·       Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles and Doppler patterns for valve repairs and replacement.

·       Define cardiac catheterization, its indications, purpose, and risks associated.

·       Compare cardiac catheterization pressures to echocardiography findings

·       Discuss the below systemic diseases including the cardiac manifestations, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each. Explain the sonographic techniques, measurement quantitative principles and Doppler patterns for pericardial diseases:

o   Pulmonary hypertension

o   Hypertension

o   Diabetes mellitus

o   Chronic renal and liver diseases

o   Connective tissue/ autoimmune diseases

·       Explain heart failure and conductive abnormalities and their respective sonographic findings

Course Description:

Building upon CVS 101, this course explores cardiovascular pathophysiology, hemodynamics, advanced sonographic techniques, and Doppler applications in adult heart disease. Cardiac embryology and fetal circulation are also covered.

Learning Outcomes:

Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to:

·       Explain cardiac embryology and fetal circulations

·       Discuss the types of pericardial diseases, the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each

·       Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns for pericardial pathologies.

• Discuss the below pathologies including, the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each. Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles, and Doppler patterns for:
• Pericardial diseases
• Myocarditis
• Cardiomyopathies
• Endocarditis, cardiac masses, thrombi & extracardiac masses

·       Discuss prosthetic heart valves and valvular repair including, the types, flow patterns, common brand names and rational behind selection.

·       Describe the complications of each type of valve replacement/repair.

·       Explain the sonographic techniques, measurements, quantitative principles and Doppler patterns for valve repairs and replacement.

·       Define cardiac catheterization, its indications, purpose, and risks associated.

·       Compare cardiac catheterization pressures to echocardiography findings

·       Discuss the below systemic diseases including the cardiac manifestations, differential diagnosis, complications, related imaging examinations and treatments for each. Explain the sonographic techniques, measurement quantitative principles and Doppler patterns for pericardial diseases:

o   Pulmonary hypertension

o   Hypertension

o   Diabetes mellitus

o   Chronic renal and liver diseases

o   Connective tissue/ autoimmune diseases

·       Explain heart failure and conductive abnormalities and their respective sonographic findings

Course Description:

This lab builds upon Adult Cardiac Scanning Lab I. You will continue to use hands-on training to improve echocardiographic 2-D scanning techniques, patient positioning, transducer placement, and image optimization.  In addition, you will incorporate Color and Spectral Doppler techniques and how to perform spectral Doppler measurements. Emphasis will also be placed on prevention of musculoskeletal injuries (MSI).

Learning Outcomes:

Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to perform the required color and spectral Doppler imaging and correctly measure spectral Doppler waveforms according to the Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography protocol of the clinical affiliates.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: 

1.      Perform Color and spectral Doppler according to practice parameters in the:

·         Parasternal views

·         Apical views

·         Subcostal views

·         Suprasternal views

2.      Use color Doppler to correctly align the spectral Doppler cursor parallel to blood flow.

3.      Learn how to adjust the following system settings to provide optimal spectrum for interpretation:

·         Velocity scale

·         Baseline

·         Sweep speed

·         Velocity filters

·         Sample size

·         Doppler gain

4.      Measure and interpret Doppler wave forms and explain the Doppler presentation of pathology.

5.      Continue to Demonstrate proper scanning ergonomics